See Middle Kingdom on Wiktionary
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"ref": "1669, John Nievhoff, translated by John Ogilby, An Embassy from the Eaſt-India Company of the United Provinces, to the Grand Tartar Cham Emperour of China, London: John Macock, →OCLC, pages 4–5:",
"text": "But though this Kingdom of China doth often change its Lord and Name, the Chineſes however have time out of mind called it by two other particular names, as Chungchoa, and Chungque ; the firſt whereof ſignifies The Middle Kingdom ; and the other, the Middle Garden.",
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"ref": "1964, Sherman E. Lee, “Urban Civilization and the Indus Valley; Neolithic and Pre-Shang China”, in A History of Far Eastern Art, New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 23, columns 1, 2:",
"text": "The meeting point of the plateau and the plains is just east of the first great bend of the Yellow River. Significantly, it is at the central meeting point that we have the coalescence of the three cultures which produced the developed Shang culture. This area, known to the Chinese as Chung Yuan, or central plain, has always been the heartland of the “Middle Kingdom.”",
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"ref": "1999, “Beijing”, in The Book of the World, 2nd United States edition (Atlas), Macmillan, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 367:",
"text": "Genghis Khan initiated Beijing's nearly 800-year dominance over the Middle Kingdom. The city's current population numbers ten million people, far more than lived here in 1215 A.D. when the Mongol warlord conquered the strategically significant power center of Yanying and built Khanbalik, his new residence.",
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"ref": "2017 October 26, Jennifer Saba, “Breakingviews - Viewsroom: China's leader cements his power”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-07-26, Breakingviews:",
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"text": "After first appearing in China more than two years ago, Covid-19 has returned to the Middle Kingdom. The country had largely succeeded in keeping infection and mortality rates in check.",
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"id": "en-Middle_Kingdom-en-name-S-GE8bJv",
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"raw_glosses": [
"(literary) China."
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"code": "cmn",
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"sense": "nickname for China",
"word": "Keskustan valtakunta"
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},
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"masculine"
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"word": "Regno di Mezzo"
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"roman": "Juŋgo",
"sense": "nickname for China",
"word": "Жуңго"
},
{
"code": "mnc",
"lang": "Manchu",
"roman": "dulimbai gurun",
"sense": "nickname for China",
"word": "ᡩ᠋ᡠ᠋ᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ"
},
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"code": "mn",
"lang": "Mongolian",
"roman": "Dundad uls",
"sense": "nickname for China",
"tags": [
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"word": "Дундад улс"
},
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"code": "mn",
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"roman": "dumdadu ulus",
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"code": "pl",
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"tags": [
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"word": "Państwo Środka"
},
{
"code": "pt",
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"masculine"
],
"word": "Reino Médio"
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{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "nickname for China",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Reino do Meio"
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"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "Sredínnoje Cárstvo",
"sense": "nickname for China",
"tags": [
"neuter"
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"word": "Среди́нное Ца́рство"
},
{
"code": "ru",
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"roman": "Srédneje cárstvo",
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"masculine"
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"word": "Reino del Medio"
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"sense": "nickname for China",
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"neuter"
],
"word": "Mittens rike"
},
{
"code": "bo",
"lang": "Tibetan",
"roman": "krung go",
"sense": "nickname for China",
"word": "ཀྲུང་གོ"
},
{
"code": "ug",
"lang": "Uyghur",
"roman": "junggo",
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"word": "جۇڭگو"
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"word": "Middle Kingdom"
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"id": "en-Middle_Kingdom-en-name-1n1oViSr",
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"raw_glosses": [
"(historical) Egypt from the time of its reunification under Mentuhotep II in the 11th Dynasty (ending the First Intermediate Period) to its disintegration during the 13th Dynasty and the beginning of the Second Intermediate Period."
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"tags": [
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"translations": [
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "ad-dawla l-wasṭiyya",
"sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "اَلدَّوْلَة اَلْوَسْطِيَّة"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
"word": "中王國"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "Zhōngwángguó",
"sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
"word": "中王国"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Střední říše"
},
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"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"note": "definite form",
"sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Det mellemste Rige"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
"word": "keskivaltakunta"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
"tags": [
"masculine"
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"word": "Moyen Empire"
},
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"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Mittleres Reich"
},
{
"alt": "ちゅうおうこく",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "Chū ōkoku",
"sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
"word": "中王国"
},
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"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Średnie Państwo"
},
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"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Reino Médio"
},
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"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "Srédneje cárstvo",
"sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Сре́днее ца́рство"
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"code": "es",
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"sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
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"word": "Imperio medio"
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"word": "Middle Kingdom"
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"ref": "1669, John Nievhoff, translated by John Ogilby, An Embassy from the Eaſt-India Company of the United Provinces, to the Grand Tartar Cham Emperour of China, London: John Macock, →OCLC, pages 4–5:",
"text": "But though this Kingdom of China doth often change its Lord and Name, the Chineſes however have time out of mind called it by two other particular names, as Chungchoa, and Chungque ; the firſt whereof ſignifies The Middle Kingdom ; and the other, the Middle Garden.",
"type": "quote"
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"ref": "1964, Sherman E. Lee, “Urban Civilization and the Indus Valley; Neolithic and Pre-Shang China”, in A History of Far Eastern Art, New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 23, columns 1, 2:",
"text": "The meeting point of the plateau and the plains is just east of the first great bend of the Yellow River. Significantly, it is at the central meeting point that we have the coalescence of the three cultures which produced the developed Shang culture. This area, known to the Chinese as Chung Yuan, or central plain, has always been the heartland of the “Middle Kingdom.”",
"type": "quote"
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{
"ref": "1999, “Beijing”, in The Book of the World, 2nd United States edition (Atlas), Macmillan, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 367:",
"text": "Genghis Khan initiated Beijing's nearly 800-year dominance over the Middle Kingdom. The city's current population numbers ten million people, far more than lived here in 1215 A.D. when the Mongol warlord conquered the strategically significant power center of Yanying and built Khanbalik, his new residence.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2017 October 26, Jennifer Saba, “Breakingviews - Viewsroom: China's leader cements his power”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-07-26, Breakingviews:",
"text": "President Xi Jinping emerged stronger at the end of China’s Communist Party Congress. His desire to consolidate control however may not help his plans to keep the Middle Kingdom’s economic engine humming.",
"type": "quote"
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{
"ref": "2022 March 22, Charles Pellegrin, Claire Hopes, Agnès Le Cossec, Laura Welfringer WELFRINGER, “China sticks to zero-Covid policy: Tens of millions endure new lockdown”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2022-03-22:",
"text": "After first appearing in China more than two years ago, Covid-19 has returned to the Middle Kingdom. The country had largely succeeded in keeping infection and mortality rates in check.",
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{
"code": "cmn",
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"sense": "nickname for China",
"word": "中國"
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{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "Zhōngguó",
"sense": "nickname for China",
"word": "中国"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"english": "under Heaven",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "Tiānxià",
"sense": "nickname for China",
"word": "天下"
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{
"code": "cs",
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"tags": [
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"word": "Říše středu"
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{
"code": "da",
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"note": "definite form",
"sense": "nickname for China",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Riget i Midten"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "nickname for China",
"word": "Keskustan valtakunta"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "nickname for China",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Empire du Milieu"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "nickname for China",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Reich der Mitte"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "nickname for China",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Regno di Mezzo"
},
{
"code": "ky",
"lang": "Kyrgyz",
"roman": "Juŋgo",
"sense": "nickname for China",
"word": "Жуңго"
},
{
"code": "mnc",
"lang": "Manchu",
"roman": "dulimbai gurun",
"sense": "nickname for China",
"word": "ᡩ᠋ᡠ᠋ᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ"
},
{
"code": "mn",
"lang": "Mongolian",
"roman": "Dundad uls",
"sense": "nickname for China",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "Дундад улс"
},
{
"code": "mn",
"lang": "Mongolian",
"roman": "dumdadu ulus",
"sense": "nickname for China",
"tags": [
"Mongolian"
],
"word": "ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "nickname for China",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Państwo Środka"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "nickname for China",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Reino Médio"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "nickname for China",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Reino do Meio"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "Sredínnoje Cárstvo",
"sense": "nickname for China",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Среди́нное Ца́рство"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "Srédneje cárstvo",
"sense": "nickname for China",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Сре́днее ца́рство"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"english": "(a country) under Heaven",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "Podnebésnaja",
"sense": "nickname for China",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Поднебе́сная"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "nickname for China",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Reino del Medio"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "nickname for China",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Mittens rike"
},
{
"code": "bo",
"lang": "Tibetan",
"roman": "krung go",
"sense": "nickname for China",
"word": "ཀྲུང་གོ"
},
{
"code": "ug",
"lang": "Uyghur",
"roman": "junggo",
"sense": "nickname for China",
"word": "جۇڭگو"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Middle Kingdom of Egypt",
"Names of China"
],
"word": "Middle Kingdom"
}
{
"categories": [
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English multiword terms",
"English proper nouns",
"English terms calqued from German",
"English terms derived from German",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Terms with Arabic translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Danish translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"en:China",
"en:Egypt"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "de",
"3": "Mittleres Reich"
},
"expansion": "Calque of German Mittleres Reich",
"name": "calque"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Calque of German Mittleres Reich, eventually displacing Middle Empire, an older calque of the same term. Coined c. 1840 as part of a periodization of Ancient Egyptian history into Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "the Middle Kingdom",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"def": "1",
"head": "Middle Kingdom"
},
"expansion": "the Middle Kingdom",
"name": "en-proper noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with historical senses"
],
"glosses": [
"Egypt from the time of its reunification under Mentuhotep II in the 11th Dynasty (ending the First Intermediate Period) to its disintegration during the 13th Dynasty and the beginning of the Second Intermediate Period."
],
"links": [
[
"Egypt",
"Egypt"
],
[
"reunification",
"reunification"
],
[
"First Intermediate Period",
"First Intermediate Period"
],
[
"disintegration",
"disintegration"
],
[
"Second Intermediate Period",
"Second Intermediate Period"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical) Egypt from the time of its reunification under Mentuhotep II in the 11th Dynasty (ending the First Intermediate Period) to its disintegration during the 13th Dynasty and the beginning of the Second Intermediate Period."
],
"tags": [
"historical"
]
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "ad-dawla l-wasṭiyya",
"sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "اَلدَّوْلَة اَلْوَسْطِيَّة"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
"word": "中王國"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "Zhōngwángguó",
"sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
"word": "中王国"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Střední říše"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"note": "definite form",
"sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Det mellemste Rige"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
"word": "keskivaltakunta"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Moyen Empire"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Mittleres Reich"
},
{
"alt": "ちゅうおうこく",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "Chū ōkoku",
"sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
"word": "中王国"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Średnie Państwo"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Reino Médio"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "Srédneje cárstvo",
"sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Сре́днее ца́рство"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "Egypt in the late 11th, 12th, and early 13th dynasties",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Imperio medio"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Middle Kingdom of Egypt",
"Names of China"
],
"word": "Middle Kingdom"
}
Download raw JSONL data for Middle Kingdom meaning in All languages combined (11.6kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (8a39820 and 4401a4c). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.